[tooling] Replace Karma w/ a modern test runner

[birkskyum]

Karma got deprecated on Apr 27 2023, and it's recommended to see alternatives.

The affected packages used in this repo are:

"karma": "^6.4.2",
"karma-chrome-launcher": "^3.2.0",
"karma-firefox-launcher": "^2.1.2",
"karma-ie-launcher": "^1.0.0",
"karma-jasmine": "^3.3.1",
"karma-jasmine-spec-tags": "^1.3.0",
"karma-spec-reporter": "^0.0.36",
"karma-verbose-reporter": "^0.0.8",
"karma-viewport": "1.0.2",
"karma-webpack": "^5.0.0",

Note that the karma-webpack was swapped for karma-esbuild in ( #6909 ).

[birkskyum]

Vitest is probably the best option presently, and jest is the most used still but somewhat slower